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形容词性从句的两个问题

问题一:在形容词性从句中thatwhich是否可以相互随便更换?不能的话两者的区别又在哪里?

The book that I like is a novel.

我喜欢的一本书是小说。

The book which I like is a novel.

我喜欢的一本书是小说。

大多数情况下,thatwhich是可以进行互换的。但是两者之间是有区别的,如果先行词唯一,这个时候就要用that引导从句,如果先行词不唯一,是多选一的关系,这个时候就要用which

举例:

The rabbit ate the largest carrot that I've ever seen.

这个兔子吃的胡萝卜是我见过最大的。

在这个句子中,从句引导词就必须用that,因为先行词carrotthe largest,是唯一的。下面几个例句中也都必须用that引导从句:

  1. All the rabbit that ate a carrot;
  2. The only rabbit that ate a carrot;
  3. The first rabbit that ate a carrot.

that相对应,which引导从句时,说明先行词并不是唯一的。举例:

The rabbit ate a carrot which I brought.

兔子在吃胡萝卜,一个什么样的胡萝卜?我买的胡萝卜。

当然,上面这个例句使用that引导从句也是没有问题的。

The rabbit ate a carrot that I brought.

那么如何快速区分两者呢?

当先行词可以进行询问的时候(说明不唯一),就用which,如果先行词都不需要进行询问,别人都已经知道是哪个的时候(说明唯一),就用that

Which carrot was eaten by the rabbit?

问题二:限制性形容词性从句与非限制性形容词性从句的区别在哪里?

The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table.

这只兔子吃了个胡萝卜,什么样的胡萝卜?(之前在)桌子上的那个胡萝卜。(which引导的限制性形容词性从句限制了先行词carrot)

The rabbit ate the carrot, which was on the table.

这句话等同于:

The rabbit ate the carrot, the carrot was on the table.

非限制性定语从句的作用是:不直接修饰先行词,只为先行词提供一些补充的信息。

举例:

I made a card for mom who loves me most. (×)

(我给最爱我的那个妈妈做了一张卡片。)

因为每个人只有一个妈妈,“最爱我的那个妈妈”的表述明显不合逻辑,所以这时我们需要用到非限制性定语从句,如下所示:

I made a card for mom, who loves me most.

(我给妈妈做了一张卡片,她最爱我。)

再举另外一个例子:

My hometown is Beijing that is the capital of China.(×)

(我的家乡是中国首都的北京。)

My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.(√)

(我的家乡是北京,中国的首都。)

非限定性形容词从句作插入语:

My head, which is big, is useful when it rains.

我有大头,下雨不愁.

The biggest carrot, which the rabbit ate, was on the table.

最大的那根胡萝卜曾在桌上,兔子吃了它.

非限定性形容词从句指代整句话:

The rabbit ate the carrot, which was not surprising.

兔子吃了胡萝卜,这事儿不令人吃惊.

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这几个例子转载于知乎作者【阿丁的猫】:https://www.zhihu.com/question/35335499/answer/204682098
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